About Yonge Nawe

Programmes

Resources

Press Information

Membership

Links

Search

Contact Us

Welcome Address and Background to the Meeting
Panel Discussions

• NGO Perspective
• Socio-Economic Perspective

• Swaziland’s WSSD Issues
• Swaziland’s Summit Strategy

Welcome Address
The facilitator of the proceedings started off the deliberations by reminding the participants of the following development paradigm facts that are relevant to the issue of sustainable development:

• That according to the United Nations (UN), the world’s population has doubled to 6.1 billion in the last 40 years.
• By 2050, 4.2 billion people will be living in countries that cannot meet the basic requirement of 50 litres of water per person per day.
• Nearly 2-5 million people in the world die each year because of lack of clean water and adequate sanitation.
• Every year, 500 people die from pesticide poisoning all over the world
• Extreme weather events have left three million people dead in the past five years.
• The world Wide fund for Nature says that at today’s level of economic activity, the human race is operating at 30% above what the earth can provide in terms of natural resources.
• One quarter of all plant species could be extinct by 2025.
• Environmental degradation is leading to more severe natural disasters which cost the world $608 billion over the last decade- as much as the previous four decades combined. 

Presentation by Emmanuel Ndlangamandla

The presentation from the NGO sector considered the issue of sustainable development from its four major pillars:

The Political Aspect 
The intervention of the NGO sector in the political sphere was identified as having been in the following areas:

Advocacy on equitable distribution of resources
The attainment of the goals of sustainable development depends on the equitable distribution of resources as a way of ensuring the sustenance of all groups in society.

Respect for good governance and human rights
The promotion of good governance and the culture for respect for human rights form the pillar upon which the goals of sustainable development ought to be strived for.

Policy reform
The most notable areas targeted for reform being that of environment, gender and disability. It was noted that whilst good progress had been made in the area of lobbying for environmental reform, a lot still remained to be done in creating awareness on the issues of gender equality as well as on the problems that continue to be experienced by people with disabilities. 

The Social Aspect 

In the social sphere, the NGO community had made interventions in the following areas:

Disaster management
These are initiatives aimed at assisting communities to deal with the effects of natural and other disasters. 

Community –based development initiatives
These are aimed at empowering communities to enable them to bring about positive improvements in their living conditions.

Gender equity
The NGO community has worked tirelessly to try and instill the importance of striving for gender equality for the advancement of   society as a whole.

HIV/AIDS response
In the realization of the massive challenge posed by HIV/AIDS, the NGO community has made a contribution in efforts to combat the effects of this pandemic that is threatening to undo whatever development gains may have been made.

Rights-based approach to development
This approach is founded on the notion that all people are entitled to some development as a minimum right. This development approach is aimed at dispelling the prevailing notion that development is a privilege or a favor that should benefit only a chosen minority, whilst the majority languishes in poverty.

Literacy 
The need for improving literacy grew from the realization of the fact that knowledge as a source of power is best acquired through the acquisition of literacy skills.

Mobilisation of communities for development
The NGO community has sought to make communities realize that successful development depends on the active support of the intended beneficiaries. A variety of strategies have been used to get communities to take ownership of development initiatives to ensure their long-term sustenance. 

Capacity Building.
NGO intervention in this area was motivated by the growing realization that passivity of communities was often due to lack of the necessary capacity to effectively engage with issues and processes aimed at bringing about positive transformation in their living conditions.

Dialogue on Poverty
The NGO community has realized the need to create a forum that would stimulate dialogue as a way of capturing the voices of the poor so that development plans and initiatives are more responsive to the needs of the these groups. 

Improving Food Security
One of the major challenges facing the country is its inability to feed its people. The NGO community has made a number of interventions aimed at improving the ability of local communities to feed themselves.

THE ECONOMIC ASPECT

Micro Finance
A number of schemes for micro financial lending have been created at the initiative of the NGO community and these are geared towards assisting the poor to have access to financial resources for which they would not qualify in the commercial lending institutions.

Income-Generating Activities
NGO’s have facilitated the promotion of income-generating activities as a way of fostering financial independence for the communities who are engaged in these projects. In particular, women who often suffered oppression and abuse due to their financial dependence on men have acquired a measure of independence as well as the ability to provide for their families. 

SME’S- Development
The NGO community actively promotes the concept of SME’s development on the realization of its potential benefits to the poorer sections of society. SME’s offer these groups the only real possibility of generating wealth as well as creating much-needed employment for the sustenance of others. Indeed, the investment of capital by indigenous owned enterprises is what is required to bring about sustainability in the economy.

Access to External Markets 
In the realization of the constraints imposed by the limited local market, NGO’s have sought to assist communities to locate external markets for their products, thus giving practical support to the income-generation projects in which many of the communities are engaged.

ENVIRONMENT

Awareness -Raising 
The role of the NGO community in this area has been that of raising awareness on the need to protect the environment. NGO’s have been particularly encouraged by the progress they have made in this regard.

Lobbying government on the management of natural resources
In line with the goals of sustainable development, NGO’s have engaged in attempts aimed at sensitizing government on the importance of managing natural resources to ensure their sustainable use

Rehabilitation of environment at community level through drought mitigation projects
Community projects have been designed for stemming the environmental effects resulting from the prolonged drought conditions in various parts of the country.

Environmental protection
Most NGO programmes and activities have taken into account the issue of environmental protection. 

Implementation of the convention to Combat Desertification (CCD) 
This programme marked the highlight of NGO achievement, involving the mobilization of communities to engage in activities aimed at environmental rectification and management. A consortium of NGO’s was formed to systematically carry out these objectives.

SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION
The following points were noted:

1. That whilst some successes had been realized, a lot still remains to be done in all the various aspects of seeking to bring about sustainable development.

2. That the major weakness still remained the absence of linkages between the micro and macro interventions, hence a lack of integrated strategies that would adopt a holistic approach in addressing these issues.

3. That poverty still remains the single major issue around which all efforts at bringing about sustainable development should evolve. And, that, in this regard, there is an urgent need to formulate an effective strategy to address poverty in all of its manifestations. 
 

THE SOCIO-ECONOMIC PILLAR

Presentation by Ms Winnie Madonsela- Kamalandua

Definition of Sustainable Development

The presentation defined sustainable development as referring to development that meets current needs without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.

The presentation further underlined the importance of referring to the relevant national statistics in determining Swaziland’s performance on sustainable development. Some of the indicators that might be used include the Human development Index (HDI), Poverty, Income, Education, Health, Governance, to name a few. 

Generally, Swaziland had recorded a downturn in terms of most of the indices. The latest Global Human Development Report has shown that Swaziland has been ranked lower than before i.e. 125 as opposed to 113. That whilst Swaziland’s GDP has increased in absolute terms, there has been a decline in GDP in real terms resulting in the erosion of the living standards of the poorer social groups. Some of the major areas that need to be considered in determining the sustainability of Swaziland’s development include the following:

Agricultural Production
Declining production on Swazi Nation Land (SNL) has been partly due to unfavorable weather conditions that have been characterized by recurrent drought conditions. This has had adverse implications for rural incomes and nutritional levels.

There has also been an increase in industrial output vis-à-vis agriculture, creating a disjuncture between the two as the latter remains the mainstay of the Swazi economy.

The decline in the agricultural sector earnings have been due mainly to
unfavorable prices for agricultural commodities in the world market economy, something that has affected the country’s earnings from sugar production. That is why the emphasis on smallholder sugar production is unsustainable not only in the light of declining returns, but also due its resultant shift from subsistence to commercial production.

Inflation
There has been a systematic erosion of real wages as a result of persistent inflation in the economy, something which has rendered poorer the majority of urban wage earners most of whom solely depend on the wage for a living.

Privatization
Privatization programmes have tended to follow the international trend based on the assumption that “efficiency first and then equity issues will follow”. Whilst it is true that state-owned enterprises have been a drain to the local revenue, privatization attempts should not lose sight of the reasons behind the creation of these enterprises. It must be realized that whilst privatization does contribute to efficiency of an institution, it does have negative implications for consumers, as the prices for the goods and services offered by the privatized entity increase. This problem is further compounded by the retrenchments that often accompany most privatization initiatives. Thus, public sector reforms, if conducted impulsively, could result in a worsening of income inequalities in the society, thus slowing down the whole process of development. 

FDI and the Issue of Employment
Swaziland has placed too much emphasis on foreign direct investment as a solution to the country’s employment problems. Little attention has been given to the kind of employment being generated as well as the working conditions in many of these establishments. There is a growing concern that there are high incidents of exploitation of particularly women in some of these establishments, who in many instances are forced to work overtime to raise their meager incomes.

Governance 
Whilst the issue of governance is crucial for sustainable development, the political climate in Swaziland does not allow for views that challenge the status quo, hence the country loses valuable contributions that might strengthen the economy and its ability to address social needs.

Gender 
It is important to note that the bulk of the world’s poor comprise women and children. It is these groups of society that are extremely vulnerable to sickness, violence and natural disasters. In many developing countries, including Swaziland, women’s economic activities are concentrated in the informal sector where the wages as well as the productive capacity are low, resulting in generally low standards of living. 

Furthermore, women mostly conduct production on Swazi National Land (SNL) and their income is mostly dependent on SNL output. Poor performance on SNL, as alluded to earlier, has a direct impact on living standards for women and their families. It is doubtful whether the growing tendency towards commercial faming would improve the lives of women and children as this sector has been dominated by men, with women and children only benefiting indirectly.

Children
The devastating effects of HIV/AIDS are seen in the way in which children are becoming orphans at very early stages of their lives. In a country like Swaziland, where basic social services such as education and health are not free, orphaned children find themselves unable to meet the costs of these services that would enable them to secure a bright future. This in turn has adverse implications on the nature of human capital to be generated by the Swazi economy, as many of these children might resort to crime as a way of life. Because of their marginalized status, Women and children, therefore, are likely to be left out of the important decision-making process, something that will serve to perpetuate their poverty.

Regional Trends
Due to the country’s proximity to the Republic of South Africa and the large trade flows that occur between the two countries, the economy of Swaziland is greatly affected by changes that occur in the RSA, whether positive or negative. Hence, Swaziland’s involvement in regional economic groupings such as SADC and COMESA should be seen as opportunities to strengthen the economy and reduce the impact of external shocks resulting directly from the country’s dependence on RSA’s economy. However, a number of emerging trends are likely to undo whatever Swaziland might have made in the regional front:

 The EUROPEAN UNION-SOUTH AFRICAN FREE TRADE AGREEMENT (EU-SAFTA)
This will result in the flooding of RSA markets and subsequently Swazi markets with European products and thus stealing local incentives and stifling local infant industries. Swazi women will be directly affected since many of their economic activities are concentrated in the micro-business sector.

Globalization
Since Swaziland is part of the global community, there is a need to assess the impact of globalization on the Swazi economy. Since one of the major ways in which the country interacts with the international community is through trade, there is a need to interrogate the globalization process with a view to maximizing the country’s benefits from its involvement in international trade.

Recommendations
The presentation made the general recommendation that government should try and reduce dependence on foreign sources of funding for its expenditure program. An inward-looking strategy was recommended which will comprise strengthening of local capital markets that would serve as future financiers for the government expenditure program.
 

NATIONAL ASSESSMENT PROCESS

Presentation by Rex Brown

Background
The presentation started off by underlining the WSSD as the most important event in the history of the United Nations. 

This was followed by an overview of the magnitude of the whole process as envisaged at the up-coming Johannesburg summit:

Attendance and Participation 
It was estimated that more than 100 heads of states and government are expected to attend the summit, whilst more than 50 000 individuals from civil society organizations, the private sector and government are also expected to participate in this historic event.

WSSD Agenda
The WSSD agenda was captured to be:
To review the achievements that have been made since the Rio Summit in 1992, what participating countries have done so far to implement the Rio action plan Agenda 21 and if they have adopted national sustainable development strategies as was agreed they would by 2002.

WSSD Issues
It was pointed out that most of the issues to be included in the Johannesburg agenda had been finalized and that among these were new issues such as HIV/AIDS that were not in the last summit held in Rio in 1992.

10 Years from Rio
In terms of achievement of the goals of Agenda 21 agreed upon at Rio, it was observed that not much had changed; that in effect the situation had worsened in many respects.

The Summit Outcomes 
The expected outcomes from the Johannesburg summit will assume several forms:

• Policy declarations
• Programs of action
• Commitment by governments and other stakeholders
•  It is also expected that no new conventions will be signed at the Johannesburg summit.

SWAZILAND’S OBLIGATIONS PRIOR TO THE SUMMIT 
The following were listed as the national obligations in preparation for the summit:

• Raising awareness on the summit
• Identifying issues that affect Swaziland’s development
• Identifying constraints
• Identifying emerging issues that were not discussed at Rio 1992.

• The formulation of the National Development Strategy (NDS) as a long-term vision for the country’s development.
• The establishment of the Swaziland Environmental Authority (SEA) to work on issues relating to the environment.
• National Action Plans.
• Various policies aimed at fostering sustainable development such as in the areas of forestry, energy and housing.
• SME’s development funds.

• The lack of funds
• The lack of skills
• Conflicting resource demands

GAPS IN THE NATIONAL ASSESSMENT PROCESS
The national assessment report, which was still at the draft stage, still had a number of gaps that needed to be filled.  A meeting to be scheduled for August 14th, 2002, would provide the opportunity for additional inputs to be made, and, hopefully, for the gaps to be filled. 

POST-JOHANNESBURG SUMMIT
It was suggested that there was a need to meet to review the outcomes of the summit with a view to adopting an action plan as well as formulating a post-summit strategy that would inform national development in the next decade.

DISCUSSIONS

FIRST ROUND OF DISCUSSIONS

• A comment was made regarding the importance of promoting small- to-medium enterprises (SME’s) development targeted towards the youth whose exclusion from such initiatives only serves to compromise the future generation.
• A question was asked on why NGO’s had not advocated for the formation of political NGO’s in the country.
• Another question was posed seeking a working definition of sustainable development.
• An observation was made regarding the omission of the issue of democracy and good governance from the presentation on the National Assessment Process. This raised a concern on whether the government viewed democracy and good governance as foundations upon which sustainable development should be strived for.
• An observation was made that the issue of HIV/AIDS presented a major challenge to sustainable development and hence the need to give it special emphasis.
•  A question was posed seeking to find out if the non-implementation of the NDS was due to a lack of political will or whether there were other explanations for it. A clarification was also sought on the number of versions of the NDS report and whether clarity could be made on which of the versions is currently being implemented. 
•  Another question sought to establish the viability of the idea of the factory shells in particular and the wisdom of promoting foreign vis-à-vis local investment in general.

• In response, the need to empower the youth through SME’s development was underlined as an important aspect of achieving sustainable development by catering to the needs of the future generation.
• On political NGO’s, it was explained that the Swazi NGO community saw their mandate as that of lobbying government to address the needs of the communities that they serve, a mandate which can only be successfully carried out if NGO’ maintained their neutrality and did not become politicized.
• It was explained that the definition of sustainable development had not changed and remained the same as defined earlier by Ms B.T Makama in her welcome remarks. 
• On the issue of democracy and good governance, it was observed that the presentation had not been exhaustive as the final report had 40 chapters some of which address these issues.
• On the NDS, the response was that the presenter could not comment on the issues of political will (or lack thereof) as regards the implementation of the NDS and had no information regarding the number of versions of the same report. 

• A comment was made regarding the issue of external conditionalities vis-a vis national socio-political conditions, pointing out the need for civil society to devise ways on how best to work within the prevailing conditionality environment. The conditionalities that are often attached to donor assistance relate to such issues as governance, women’s participation in decision-making, and creation of partnerships, to name a few.
• Another comment drew attention to the continued marginalization of people with disabilities, hence creating a vicious cycle of dependence and its impact on sustainable development. 
•  Another comment lamented the inextricable link between poverty and the degradation of forests wherein trees are felled and sold as firewood to earn much needed income. The speaker wondered whether programmes existed for replenishing/replanting the trees.
• The growing emphasis on cash crops at the expense of food production in the country was cited as having a decisive impact on the issue of food (in) security, and in turn, on the issue of sustainable development.
•  A comment was made relating to the growing number of orphans as one of the major effects of HIV/AIDS, and the need to bring this issue to the fore as it has a decisive impact on the future of the nation.
•  It was observed that the success of any development effort lies in placing the people at the center of the decision-making process, hence the need to address the political arrangements of the country with the view to ensuring that they are conducive to bringing about the desired goal of sustainable development.

1. Health
Some of the major health challenges facing the country include HIV/AIDS, tuberculosis, and diabetes, to name a few. The high mortality rate among the most productive age groups, who are the most affected particularly by HIV/AIDS, has had a devastating effect on all aspects of Swazi society. Hence, the link between health and social productivity has become evident, serving as a stark reminder to the old adage: a healthy nation is a productive nation, and vise versa.

2. Poverty
The link between poverty and sustainable development has become more pronounced in Swaziland than ever before. Indeed, poverty has come to define much of Swaziland’s socio-economic profile as numerous studies conclude that the majority of Swazis lack the basic means to earn a standard of living in accordance with minimum definitions of human dignity. The inequitable distribution of resources as well as development gains lies at the center of the growing poverty situation in the country. In their quest to eke a living, the poor find themselves with little option but to overuse whatever meager resources might be available, and in the process compromising the ability of these resources to regenerate for future use. Despite several official pronouncements and interventions aimed at addressing poverty, much still remains to be done by way of placing poverty eradication at the center of all development initiatives and processes. 

3. Gender
The Swazi society is characterized by a situation whereby the gender roles of men and women relegate the latter to a position of powerlessness and dependence. The manifestations of the unequal opportunities between men and women are evident both in the public and private spheres of life where women are marginalized in terms of reproductive rights, employment, access to productive resources, participation in decision-making, to name a few. However, the relegation to inferior status of the majority of the population will continue to thwart any efforts at bringing about sustainable development. Though a number of interventions have been made to instill the importance of gender equality, a lot still remains to be done to normalize the situation.

4. Governance
The practice of good governance should form the basis upon which the pursuit of sustainable development ought to be undertaken. With its main pillars of transparency, accountability, the rule of law, broad participation in decision-making, good governance offers the real possibility for creating conditions that are conducive for formulating and implementing policies and programmes that address the true needs of the people. 

5. Economic management
One of the key features of the Swazi economy has come to be the high levels of inequality in the distribution of the country’s wealth whereby the majority remain poor whilst wealth remains concentrated in the hands of a minority group. Combined with this has also been the lack of clear people-driven priorities with regards to national expenditure patterns. This situation has resulted in largely unsustainable consumption and expenditure patterns that are ultimately pursued at the expense of the needs of the people. 

6. Environment and Natural Resource Management
The attainment of the goals of sustainable development depends in large part on the protection of the environment as well as the efficient use of natural resources.  Hence, no effort should be spared in developing policies and programmes aimed at ensuring the sustainable use of the environment as well as the proper management of natural resources. 

7. People with Disabilities
Persons with disabilities continue to be relegated to a position that shows no regard for their human dignity. This situation is perpetuated in various forms of discrimination up to the highest level, whereby the special needs of people with disabilities are not considered at the level of policy formulation and implementation. The vicious cycle of poverty and dependence that results from failure to include this group in all development efforts poses a single major challenge to the attainment of the goals of sustainable development. 

8. Marginalized Groups:
Swaziland’s socio-economic profile indicates that there are a number of social groups that have been marginalized in the process of development, relegating them to forms of dependence that will undo any gains that would have been made in the effort to achieving sustainable development. 

(i) Youth
Most development initiatives at both national and community levels have tended to exclude the youth and thus compromising the country’s ability to nurture the vast potential latent in the future generation. Some of the major challenges facing the country, including drug and alcohol abuse, HIV/AIDS, sexual and reproductive health problems, can only be effectively tackled by having the youth at the forefront of the efforts aimed at finding lasting solutions to these problems. 

(ii) Elderly
Swazi society is renowned for taking care of its elderly citizens through the extended family structure that provided a safety net at old age. However, a number of factors have contributed towards the systematic breakdown of the social structure, leaving the elderly vulnerable to various forms of destitution. The HIV/AIDS pandemic, with its decimation of the young and productive group, has left the elderly to fend for themselves and the orphans who are left behind. A more concerted effort is required in addressing the plight of the elderly people who have now assumed responsibilities for which they neither have the capability nor the resources to accomplish. 

(iii) Women
Whilst women form the majority of the population in many societies, they often constitute the poorest group, leading to the notion of what has come to be known as the feminization of poverty. This notion seeks to underline the fact that whilst women are responsible for both productive and reproductive roles, their access to productive resources remains extremely low, rendering them to poverty in all of its manifestations. The major concern is that sustainable development cannot be attained in a situation where the majority of the population is not only denied access to resources but also has minimum gain from development. 

(iv) Orphans
Swaziland is faced with a growing number of orphaned children who are vulnerable to all forms of destitution. Traditional Swazi society used to have in-built mechanisms for taking care of orphaned children to ensure that they grew up and led normal lives. However, due to the breakdown of the extended family structure, orphaned children are now left to fend for themselves, resulting in the high rate of children living on the streets where they try to eke a living through begging.  The HIV/AIDS pandemic has also contributed to the problem of orphans, leading to the growing phenomenon of children- headed households, following the demise of the parents. The orphaned children often find themselves thrust into responsibility positions that they are too young to handle, creating a desperate situation that could be characterized essentially as amounting to a lost generation. This situation calls for measures aimed at providing viable alternative means of livelihood for this growing pool of the future generation as the sustainability of the country’s development depends on it. 

(v) Children
The protection of children is the responsibility of all members of society as children are often unable to speak for themselves. The growing incidence of child abuse is a disturbing phenomenon that requires urgent action from all the adult members of Swazi society who have to put an end to this social evil that is threatening to completely destroy the moral fibre of Swazi society. The necessary policy, legal and other measures must be put in place to ensure the protection of children so that they grow up to be responsible adults. 

9. Information, Education and Communication
One of the key ways of mobilizing support for the noble goal of sustainable development is by creating a critical mass of citizens who are continuously engaged with the issues and processes involved in this endeavor. The free flow of information plays a major role in the education and communication process that will be entailed in getting the messages across to the broad spectrum of society. 

10. Trade and Globalization
The globalization phenomenon has, contrary to popular belief, execrated the unequal terms of trade between the rich and poor countries. The World Trade Organization (WTO) regime has sought to legitimize trading rules that render the economies of poor countries open to plunder by the rich, whilst enforcing measures to protect the economies of the latter. For example, in the face of WTO patenting rules, poor countries are rendered powerless in controlling the procurement and use of their natural indigenous resources, thus compromising their ability to ensure their sustainable use. 

11. NEPAD and the African Union
Some of the major international initiatives that have a direct bearing on the ability of the country to effectively work towards sustainable development include the recently launched New Partnership for Africa’s Development (NEPAD) and the African Union (AU). It is crucial to ensure that these initiatives are well understood by all the stakeholders so as to meaningfully engage with these processes by way of seeking to interrogate their linkages with issues of sustainable development. 

THE WAY FORWARD
The following were adopted as the way forward:

1. A report of the civil society forum be prepared and made available to the participants for onward transmission to the various stakeholders at the grassroots level. The purpose of this exercise would be to be to facilitate the process whereby stakeholders are informed about as well as engage with the issues that will be presented at the summit.

2. A preparatory meeting to be convened by Yonge Nawe for all individuals planning to attend the summit where they would take a thorough look at the issues prior to departure.

3. The civil society forum’s issues to be inserted into the national assessment report during its presentation at a meeting to be held on August 14th, 2002, to fill in the gaps identified earlier.

4. A report-back meeting to be convened after the summit to deliberate on the plans, programmes and strategies to be adopted in furthering the objective of attaining sustainable development.

WORKSHOP CLOSURE 

In her closing remarks, Joan Taffe of Canada Fund re-iterated the fact that the attainment of the goals of sustainable development will result from the accumulative effort of individuals, communities and governments, each of whom have to play their role to ensure that the pursuit of present needs does not compromise the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. 

LIST OF ACRONYMS

AU- AFRICAN UNION

CCD- CONVENTION TO COMBAT DESERTIFICATION

COMESA- COMMON MARKET FOR EASTERN AND SOUTHERN AFRICA

EU-SAFTA- EUROPEAN UNION-SOUTH AFRICAN FREE TRADE AGREEMENT

FDI- FOREIGN DIRECT INVESTMENT

GDP- GROSS DOMESTIC PRODUCT

HDI- HUMAN DEVELOPMENT INDEX

HIV/AIDS- HUMAN IMMUNO VIRUS- ACQUIRED IMMUNITY DEFICIENCY SYNDROME

NDS- NATIONAL DEVELOPMENT STRATEGY

NEPAD- NEW PARTNERSHIP FOR AFRICA’S DEVELOPMENT

NGO- NON-GOVERNMENTAL ORGANISATION

RSA-REPUBLIC OF SOUTH AFRICA

SADC- SOUTHERN AFRICA DEVELOPMENT COMMUNITY

SEA- SWAZILAND ENVIRONMENTAL AUTHORITY

SME’S- SMALL-TO-MEDIUM ENTERPRISE

SNL- SWAZI NATION LAND

UN- UNITED NATIONS

WSSD- WORLD SUMMIT ON SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT

WTO- WORLD TRADE ORGANISATION

Workshop reports
From Johannesburg what next? Issues paper
Parliamentarians Forum